Synthesis and biological profile of 2,3-dihydro[1,3]thiazolo[4,5-b]pyridines, a novel class of acyl-ACP thioesterase inhibitors

• Jens Frackenpohl,
• David M. Barber,
• Guido Bojack,
• Birgit Bollenbach-Wahl,
• Ralf Braun,
• Rahel Getachew,
• Sabine Hohmann,
• Kwang-Yoon Ko,
• Karoline Kurowski,
• Bernd Laber,
• Rebecca L. Mattison,
• Thomas Müller,
• Anna M. Reingruber,
• Dirk Schmutzler and
• Andrea Svejda

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 540–551, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.46

• relationship (SAR) studies on selective inhibitors reduce the prevalence of undesired effects, such as toxicity in mammals [4]. Despite being employed in the field for over three decades, the mode of action of preemergence herbicide cinmethylin (1, Scheme 1) has remained unknown until 2018. At that time, the

Two new lanostanoid glycosides isolated from a Kenyan polypore Fomitopsis carnea

• Winnie Chemutai Sum,
• Sherif S. Ebada,
• Didsanutda Gonkhom,
• Cony Decock,
• Rémy Bertrand Teponno,
• Josphat Clement Matasyoh and
• Marc Stadler

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1161–1169, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.84

• cytotoxicity assay. Recent structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies have indicated a key role played by the hydroxy group at C-3 in cytotoxic effects of lanostane triterpenoids [23][36]. According to a study by Wang et al. (2023) [36], synthetic derivatives of pachymic acid demonstrated moderate to high

Five new sesquiterpenoids from agarwood of Aquilaria sinensis

• Hong Zhou,
• Xu-Yang Li,
• Hong-Bin Fang,
• He-Zhong Jiang and
• Yong-Xian Cheng

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 998–1007, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.75

• revealed the structure–activity relationships (SAR). Keywords: agarwood; Aquilaria sinensis; SAR studies; sesquiterpenoids; Introduction Agarwood is the resinous wood of the Aquilaria species of the Thymelaeaceae family [1]. It is a precious traditional Chinese medicinal material and a kind of natural

• from agarwood. Unfortunately, none of the new compounds exhibits biological activity against LPS-induced inflammation in Raw264.7 cells and human breast cancer cells. However, we have drawn good conclusions for SAR studies based on the current study and our previous study. These compounds will be

Strategies to access the [5-8] bicyclic core encountered in the sesquiterpene, diterpene and sesterterpene series

• Cécile Alleman,
• Charlène Gadais,
• Laurent Legentil and
• François-Hugues Porée

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 245–281, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.23

• ., compound 122 for further derivatization and structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies [59]. In this case, an intramolecular NHK was carried out on compound 120 prepared from 3-allylcyclopent-2-enone (119) to give the tricyclic compound 121 possessing the eight-membered ring in 73% yield as the major

Synthesis and characterisation of new antimalarial fluorinated triazolopyrazine compounds

• Kah Yean Lum,
• Jonathan M. White,
• Daniel J. G. Johnson,
• Vicky M. Avery and
• Rohan A. Davis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 107–114, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.11

• triazolopyrazines were all evaluated in vitro for antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity. Results and Discussion Previous structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies reported that any substitution at the C8 position of Series 4 triazolopyrazines can lower the potency for P. falciparum [14][15][16]. However, a

Synthesis and late stage modifications of Cyl derivatives

• Phil Servatius and
• Uli Kazmaier

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 174–181, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.19

• structurally related compounds for SAR studies. Of course, this approach is not limited to the development of HDAC inhibitors, but should be suitable for all kinds of natural product modifications. However, the structural motif of the natural products shown in Figure 2 is suitable to illustrate the concept. In

• large scale, but it is not applicable for the generation of small libraries of related compounds for SAR studies. Therefore, it is more convenient to undertake modifications at a late stage of the synthesis using a suitably modified precursor allowing variations in a straightforward manner. As a model

First total synthesis of hoshinoamide A

• Haipin Zhou,
• Zihan Rui,
• Yiming Yang,
• Shengtao Xu,
• Yutian Shao and
• Long Liu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2924–2931, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.201

• have a relatively simple structure and therefore make an attractive target for further medicinal chemistry studies. To enable these new SAR studies, we need to develop an efficient synthetic method to provide sufficient materials firstly. Hoshinoamide A shows a better antimalarial activity and less

Isolation and characterization of new phenolic siderophores with antimicrobial properties from Pseudomonas sp. UIAU-6B

• Emmanuel T. Oluwabusola,
• Olusoji O. Adebisi,
• Fernando Reyes,
• Kojo S. Acquah,
• Mercedes De La Cruz,
• Larry L. Mweetwa,
• Joy E. Rajakulendran,
• Digby F. Warner,
• Deng Hai,
• Rainer Ebel and
• Marcel Jaspars

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2390–2398, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.156

• exploited for further biological investigation and structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies. To the best of our knowledge, the breakage of the C–N bond of the salimethyloxazolinyl-thioester intermediate leading to an ester bond that resulted in the formation of compounds 1–3 constitutes new plausible

p-Pyridinyl oxime carbamates: synthesis, DNA binding, DNA photocleaving activity and theoretical photodegradation studies

• Panagiotis S. Gritzapis,
• Panayiotis C. Varras,
• Nikolaos-Panagiotis Andreou,
• Katerina R. Katsani,
• Konstantinos Dafnopoulos,
• George Psomas,
• Zisis V. Peitsinis,
• Alexandros E. Koumbis and
• Konstantina C. Fylaktakidou

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 337–350, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.33

• derivatives were prepared upon the reaction of the corresponding oximes with isocyanates. These novel compounds reacted photochemically in the presence of supercoiled plasmid DNA. Structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies revealed that the substituent on the imine group was not affecting the extend of the

Synthesis and herbicidal activities of aryloxyacetic acid derivatives as HPPD inhibitors

• Man-Man Wang,
• Hao Huang,
• Lei Shu,
• Jian-Min Liu,
• Jian-Qiu Zhang,
• Yi-Le Yan and
• Da-Yong Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 233–247, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.25

• 2,4-D and the 1,3-dicarbonyl unit, we designed and synthesized a series of novel aryloxyacetic acid derivatives. In this context, these derivatives were subjected to HPPD inhibition, herbicidal activity, crop safety and structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies. As expected, many of the title

α,ß-Didehydrosuberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (DDSAHA) as precursor and possible analogue of the anticancer drug SAHA

• Shital K. Chattopadhyay,
• Subhankar Ghosh,
• Sarita Sarkar and
• Kakali Bhadra

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2524–2533, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.245

• impressive level of biological activity, SAHA has received considerable attention in terms of SAR studies in the quest for a selective inhibitor and/or improved/altered biological activity [12][13]. Many of these studies have shown that minor variations in the structure of SAHA have sometimes led to

• significant changes in biological activity [14]. Three syntheses of this important anticancer drug have been described [15][16][17]. However, need for the development of alternative synthetic routes amenable for SAR studies does exist. Although a number of α,ß-dehydrohydroxamates (e.g., 2 and 3) display an

Synthesis and biological evaluation of truncated derivatives of abyssomicin C as antibacterial agents

• Leticia Monjas,
• Peter Fodran,
• Johanna Kollback,
• Carlo Cassani,
• Thomas Olsson,
• Maja Genheden,
• D. G. Joakim Larsson and
• Carl-Johan Wallentin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1468–1474, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.147

• . Accordingly, structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies have been performed, which indicate that benzylation of the hydroxy group and the complete demethylation of the core structure of AbC retain the antibiotic activity towards MRSA while simultaneously decrease cytotoxicity towards various human cell

• these results are somewhat discouraging, together with previous studies they clearly outline the upper level of truncation that is tolerated for further SAR studies of AbC derivatives. As such, this work demonstrates that continued efforts towards drug development based on AbC should focus on

Protein–protein interactions in bacteria: a promising and challenging avenue towards the discovery of new antibiotics

• Laura Carro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2881–2896, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.267

• pocket, the phenyl, the pyridine and the pyrimidine rings make critical hydrophobic interactions with residues in the shallow groove of the pocket [87]. Nearly simultaneously, the same group reported the SAR studies of a family of biphenylindole derivatives as inhibitors of the same PPI. A structure

• , respectively). A subsequent antibacterial screening showed that the lead pyrimidine 40 was also a moderate inhibitor of the growth of the Gram-positive pathogen B. subtilis and the Gram-negative microorganism E. coli. The same research group developed further SAR studies using compound 41 (Figure 9) as lead of

Synthesis of a leopolic acid-inspired tetramic acid with antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria

• Luce Mattio,
• Loana Musso,
• Leonardo Scaglioni,
• Andrea Pinto,
• Piera Anna Martino and
• Sabrina Dallavalle

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2482–2487, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.224

• with an increased activity due to the presence of the tetramic acid core. In this paper we report the efforts made to develop a synthetic strategy to compound 1, which may, in principle, have a value in the preparation of various analogues for structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies. The

The chemistry and biology of mycolactones

• Matthias Gehringer and
• Karl-Heinz Altmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1596–1660, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.159

Total syntheses of the archazolids: an emerging class of novel anticancer drugs

• Stephan Scheeff and
• Dirk Menche

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1085–1098, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.108

• development and SAR studies [49][55][56][57][58] and the group of O’Neil has been targeting dihydroarchazolid B (3) as a potentially equipotent structurally simplified derivative [45][46][48]. This review covers the various tactics and strategies, employed by the Menche, Trauner and O’Neil group in archazolid

Synthesis of the C8’-epimeric thymine pyranosyl amino acid core of amipurimycin

• Pramod R. Markad,
• Navanath Kumbhar and
• Dilip D. Dhavale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1765–1771, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.165

• and its analogues for structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies. Conclusion In summary, we have utilized the skeleton of D-glucose-derived homoallyl alcohol 3 as a chiral podium for efficient synthesis of the 8’R-glycosyl amino acid core of amipurimycin. With this protocol, we have synthesized the

Automated glycan assembly of a S. pneumoniae serotype 3 CPS antigen

• Markus W. Weishaupt,
• Stefan Matthies,
• Mattan Hurevich,
• Claney L. Pereira,
• Heung Sik Hahm and
• Peter H. Seeberger

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1440–1446, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.139

• containing oligosaccharides of different lengths and frame shifts [19]. Synthetic oligosaccharide antigens enable structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies of bacterial antigens [20] to better understand antibody binding and help to improve existing vaccine formulations. Two synthetic routes to prepare

Antibacterial structure–activity relationship studies of several tricyclic sulfur-containing flavonoids

• Lucian G. Bahrin,
• Henning Hopf,
• Peter G. Jones,
• Laura G. Sarbu,
• Cornelia Babii,
• Alina C. Mihai,
• Marius Stefan and
• Lucian M. Birsa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1065–1071, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.100

• . Fluorine-substituted flavonoids were found to be less active than those bearing other halogen atoms. Keywords: antibacterial activity; dithiocarbamates; dithiolium salts; flavonoids; SAR studies; Introduction The extensive use of antibiotics in human treatment and agriculture has led to the development

Muraymycin nucleoside-peptide antibiotics: uridine-derived natural products as lead structures for the development of novel antibacterial agents

• Daniel Wiegmann,
• Stefan Koppermann,
• Marius Wirth,
• Giuliana Niro,
• Kristin Leyerer and
• Christian Ducho

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 769–795, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.77

• access to muraymycins and their analogues, some structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies and first insights into muraymycin biosynthesis. It therefore provides an overview on the current state of research, as well as an outlook on possible future developments in this field. Keywords: antibiotics

• biosynthesis. This review will focus on muraymycins as a subclass of nucleoside antibiotics, covering their mode of action, synthetic approaches as well as SAR studies on several derivatives. Furthermore, first insights into the biosynthesis of these Streptomyces-produced secondary metabolites will be

• semisynthetic access towards 16 derivatives of muraymycin C1 for structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies [86]. At the same time, a first set of fully synthetic structurally simplified muraymycin analogues was described [76]. Starting from uridine (1), protected uridine-5'-aldehyde 2 was prepared in four

Diversity-oriented synthesis of analogues of the novel macrocyclic peptide FR-225497 through late stage functionalization

• Jyotiprasad Mukherjee,
• Suman Sil and
• Shital Kumar Chattopadhyay

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2487–2492, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.270

• macrocyclic products 15, 22 and 25 have the nearly same head group and spacer as in the trapoxins and FR-225497 but differ in the end groups. A α-hydroxyketone or a α,ß-dihydroxyketone moiety in the end-region may prove to be beneficial for SAR studies in view of the importance of these functionalities in

• opportunity of incorporation of other functional groups compatible with CM reaction appears possible. The protocol developed is simple and high yielding. This apparently overlooked approach may therefore find application in the assembly of focused library of simplified agents for possible SAR studies

Further exploration of the heterocyclic diversity accessible from the allylation chemistry of indigo

• Alireza Shakoori,
• John B. Bremner,
• Mohammed K. Abdel-Hamid,
• Anthony C. Willis,
• Rachada Haritakun and
• Paul A. Keller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 481–492, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.54

• the carbonyl group, for future SAR studies. In addition, with compounds of the non-spirocyclic type 8 and 9 good antiplasmodial activity was also seen, with 8 being the most potent (IC50 1.94 µg/mL, 5.20 µM) of the compounds tested here. In order to further assess selective cytotoxicity, the toxicity

NAA-modified DNA oligonucleotides with zwitterionic backbones: stereoselective synthesis of A–T phosphoramidite building blocks

• Boris Schmidtgall,
• Claudia Höbartner and
• Christian Ducho

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 50–60, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.8

• backbone modifications for bioactive oligonucleotide analogues. These considerations have led to our recently reported design of a novel artificial internucleotide linkage named 'NAA-modification' (Figure 1) [38]. Ongoing synthetic and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies on naturally occurring

Multicomponent reactions in nucleoside chemistry

• Mariola Koszytkowska-Stawińska and
• Włodzimierz Buchowicz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1706–1732, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.179

• ) represent an excellent tool for the generation of libraries of small-molecule compounds, for instance they are indispensable for the structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies. Many excellent comprehensive reviews on MCRs have been published. The reviews have covered the significant topics in this field

Automated solid-phase peptide synthesis to obtain therapeutic peptides

• Veronika Mäde,
• Sylvia Els-Heindl and
• Annette G. Beck-Sickinger

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1197–1212, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.118

• conditions [127]. Amino acids such as Bpa (L-4-benzoylphenylalanine) and Bip (L-4,4'-biphenylalanine) (Figure 5) were attached to the resin-bound peptides by manual coupling steps. Moreover, these first studies led to remarkably truncated NPY analogs [128]. Those structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies